HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

JOURNAL QUESTIONS

UNIT THREE

Chapter 11: The Central Nervous System:
The Spinal Cord

Chapter 11 The Nervous System II - Brain & Spinal Cord
The Brain

1. Define the Central Nervous System (CNS).
2. Define meninges.
3. Describe and locate from deep to superficial the three layers of the protective membranes and the spaces that surround the CNS: pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid, subdural, subarachnoid and epidural spaces.
4. Define dural sinus (superior sagittal sinus) and describe its function.
5. Define and locate Ventricles and their interconnections.
6. Describe the choroid plexuses their location and function.
7. Review the role of ependymal cells and astrocytes.
8. Define CSF, its location, how its produced and its composition.
9. Define arachnoid granulations and their function.
10. Trace the path of CSF from production through circulation to re-absorption.
11. Section 11.4: These terms are covered in Must Know Lab Book.
12. List the two main functions of the spinal cord.
13. Define reflex and explain why we have them.
14. Describe the five components of a reflex arc.
15. Describe a withdrawal reflex and the stimulus that initiates it.
16. Define ascending tracts of the spinal cord.
17. Define descending tracts of the spinal cord.
18. Recognize these tracts as ascending; Fasciculus Cuneatus and Spinothalamic and know each tracts specific function. (See Table 11.3)
19. Recognize these tracts as descending; Spinocerebellar, Corticopsinal and Rubrospinal and know each tracts specific function. (See Table 11.3)
20. Look at the name of the 5 tracts in question # 19. What does their name tell you about their function?
21. Define decussate. In what brain stem structure does decussation (crossing-over) occur for MOST spinal tracts? What is the consequence of decussation (crossing-over)?
22. Define cerebrum, cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum, gyrus, sulcus and fissure.
23. Review the location of the lobes of the cerebrum.
24. Define and describe the cerebral cortex.
25. Describe the white matter of the cerebrum.
26. Describe the functions of the cerebrum.
27. Define sensory area. Describe the location and function of these sensory areas: Postcentral gyrus and Wernicke’s area.
28. Describe the location of the sensory areas for vision, hearing, taste and smell.
29. Define association area. Describe association functions of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. (See Table 11.5)
30. Describe the location and function of the ‘general interpretive area’.
31. Describe the location and function for these motor areas: primary motor area, Broca’s area and frontal eye field. Which lobe houses all motor areas?
32. Distinguish between learning and memory.
33. Describe short and long term memory. Describe the role of the hippocampus and amygdala in memory.
34. Describe the basal nuclei and their functions.
35. List the structures found in the diencephalon. Describe the function of the thalamus, hypothalamus and pineal gland.
36. List the parts and functions of the Limbic System
37. List the structures found in the brainstem. Describe the function of the midbrain, cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina and red nucleus.
38. Describe the pons and its functions.
39. List three nuclei found in the medulla oblongata that control vital visceral activities and the function of each.
40. List the non-vital reflexes of the medulla oblongata.
41. Describe the location and functions of the reticular formation.
42. Briefly distinguish between the two types of normal sleep.
43. Describe the functions of the cerebellum.
44. Interactive Review of Brain Anatomy
45. Click on Nervous and try Brain 1 – 3 as Review

Chapter 11 The Nervous System II - Peripheral Nervous System
The Brain

1. Define Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
2. List the two sub-divisions of the PNS.
3. Distinguish between a cranial nerve and a spinal nerve.
4. Describe the structure of a peripheral nerve. Review epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium from the lab.
5. Distinguish between muscle fiber and nerve fiber.
6. For each cranial know how to identify it by its name and number. Know where each cranial nerve originates.
7. Describe the functions of each cranial nerve. Identify each as sensory, motor or mixed. (See table 11.9)
8. Review Chart and Tutorial of Cranial Nerves
9. Cranial Nerve Quiz
10. Define dermatome.
11. Describe the three initial branching of a spinal nerve.
12. Differentiate between dorsal root and ventral root. Which of these is motor? Sensory?
13. Describe the structures that form the dorsal root ganglion.
14. Review spinal nerve structures from the Must Know Lab Book.
15. Review the major nerves associated with each plexus in the Must Know Lab Book.

Chapter 11:
Nervous System III – Autonomic Nervous System

1. List the effectors and several effects of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).
2. List the two divisions of the ANS. Match the terms Flight or Flight and Rest and Digest with the division of the ANS they represent.
3. Compare the functional differences of the two divisions.
4. Describe how the motor neuron arrangement of Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System differ.
5. Define preganglionic and postganglionic fibers.
6. Describe why the Sympathetic division is also called Thoracolumbar.
7. Trace the beginning and end of the pre and post ganglioinc fibers in the Thoracolumbar division.
8. Describe Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral).
9. Explain how the adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland is unusual in its preganglionic fiber arrangement.
10. Describe why the Parasympathetic division is also called Craniosacral.
11. Trace the beginning and end of the pre and post ganglioinc fibers in the Craniosacral division
12. Name the cranial nerve that carries most of the Parasympathetic flow. List the organs that it affects.
13. Name and describe the ganglia in the Parasympathetic division.
14. Name the two neurotransmitters released by the Autonomic Nervous System.
15. Define and list cholinergic and adrenergic fibers. (See Fig. 11.40)
16. List the two classes of receptors for Acetylcholine (ACh). Describe the location and action of nictotinic and muscarinic receptors.
17. List the two classes of receptors for Norepinephrine (NE). Describe the location and action of alpha and beta receptors.